Sources and standards | Best of Islam

What gets cited

The Quran by chapter and verse. Hadith by collection and, where it matters, by narrator and grading. Historical claims by the primary source where one exists and by a named modern historian where it does not. Statistics by the body that published them, with the year.

What gets conceded

Where a critic is right, the article says so. Where Muslim scholars disagree, the article names the disagreement. A site that concedes nothing cannot be trusted when it concedes nothing.

Images

Every image on the site comes from Wikimedia Commons, Pexels or Pixabay. The Commons images are in the public domain or dedicated under CC0; the Pexels and Pixabay images are used under the free licences of those sites. No image depicts a prophet. Each is credited beneath it, and in full here.

5 reasons why the universe demands a creator: NASA and the European Space Agency. Public domain. Source
Manuscript transmission: 5 differences between the Quran and the New Testament: Cadbury Research Library, University of Birmingham. Public domain. Source
7 verses Christians and Muslims read differently, and why: Bodmer Lab, University of Geneva. Public domain. Source
The Islamic Dilemma: 5 assumptions the argument needs: PotatoCow25. CC0. Source
6 instruments invented in the Islamic world that science still uses: The Metropolitan Museum of Art; instrument by Muhammad Zaman al-Munajjim al-Asturlabi. CC0. Source
5 answers to the claim that Haman is a Quranic mistake: Lord-of-the-Light and JMCC1. Public domain. Source
The 5 pillars, explained without the jargon: Khalili Collections. Public domain. Source
Who is Allah? 5 misunderstandings about the name itself: Sheikh Hamdullah. Public domain. Source
Why morality is impossible without God: 4 fatal flaws in secular humanism: Raphael. Public domain. Source
5 reasons why Muslims believe that Jesus is not God: John Anthony, via The Metropolitan Museum of Art. CC0. Source
6 prophets both books share, and where the accounts diverge: Matson Collection. Public domain. Source
6 answers to the claim that the Prophet died from poisoning: Expedition 16 Crew Member on the International Space Station, NASA. Public domain. Source
5 things wrong with the al-Zutt allegation: Unknown photographer, Mohammed V University library. CC0. Source
5 reasons why Islam is the religion of peace: Julian Lupyan. CC0. Source
7 libraries of the Islamic world, and what happened to each: Istiqlal (Independence) Party of Morocco, Moroccan Office of Information and Documentation. Public domain. Source
7 reasons why Allah of the Quran is the same God as the God of the Bible: Ilyas Basim Khuri Bazzi Rahib. Public domain. Source
Where is the Injil? 5 answers to the question critics ask most: British Library, Codex Alexandrinus. Public domain. Source
Paul and the Law: 6 verses that sit badly with Matthew 5:17: University of Michigan Library, Papyrus 46. Public domain. Source
Ezra and Mary in the Quran: 5 points on two contested verses: National Library of Russia, Leningrad Codex. Public domain. Source
Uthman’s copies: 5 facts about the Quran’s earliest manuscripts: Bibliothèque nationale de France, Arabe 328. Public domain. Source
Jerusalem, then Mecca: 5 facts about the change of qibla: Library of Congress, Prints and Photographs Division. Public domain. Source
Why five prayers? 5 answers on what the Quran says and what it leaves to the Prophet: al-Sayyid Abd al-Ghaffar, physician of Mecca, via Library of Congress. Public domain. Source
Who saw Gabriel? 5 answers on witnesses to revelation: Adiput. Public domain. Source
Islam is the world’s fastest-growing religion: 6 figures from the latest data: Press Information Department, Government of Bangladesh. Public domain. Source
6 words science still uses that came from Arabic: Bodleian Libraries, University of Oxford, MS. Huntington 214. Public domain. Source
Written in Peter’s name: 5 things a Catholic Bible says about 2 Peter: Vatican Apostolic Library, Papyrus Bodmer VIII. Public domain. Source
6 Muslim astronomers whose names are on the Moon: NASA, Goddard Space Flight Center and Arizona State University. Public domain. Source
6 facts about Indonesia, the country with the most Muslims: Rijksmuseum, Amsterdam. CC0. Source
How an ex-Muslim blog persuades: 5 findings from a Malaysian study: G. R. Lambert and Co., via KITLV, Leiden. Public domain. Source
The Kaaba before Islam: 5 ancient witnesses, weighed: Claudius Ptolemy, Ulm edition of 1482. Public domain. Source
The Dome of the Rock: 6 things its inscriptions tell us about the Quran: From the collection Holy Land Photographed, Daniel B. Shepp. Public domain. Source
Who burned the Library of Alexandria? 5 facts behind the story: O. Von Corven, 19th century. Public domain. Source
What was the jizya? 6 facts about the tax: Abu Yusuf, manuscript copied in 961 AH. Public domain. Source
Quran preservation on Reddit: 5 points from the scholars’ debate: Sanaa manuscript, photographed for Stanford University. Public domain. Source
Apostasy in Islam: 6 facts about the death penalty debate: Khayr al-Din al-Marashi. CC0. Source
The crucifixion and the Quran: 6 facts about Quran 4:157: Félix Bonfils. Public domain. Source
The 6 articles of faith, explained without the jargon: İrem Yılmaztürk. Pexels licence. Source
Fate and free will in Islam: 6 questions answered: Johannes Plenio. Pexels licence. Source
5 things Muslims believe about the end of time: https://kaboompics.com/. Pexels licence. Source
5 myths about sharia and the hudud punishments: Joaquin Carfagna. Pexels licence. Source
7 Quranic ethics that still hold today: Daria. Pexels licence. Source
5 reasons Islam forbids interest: Tima Miroshnichenko. Pexels licence. Source
7 women in the Prophet’s life who shaped Islam: Prince Desert Camp. Pexels licence. Source
6 Companions of the Prophet who started with nothing: Marcia Salido. Pexels licence. Source
5 questions about Aisha, answered from the sources: Defrino Maasy. Pexels licence. Source
Child marriage and Islam: 5 facts: Ali Ahmad DANESH. Pexels licence. Source
Quran 4:34: 5 facts about the verse on striking wives: GR Stocks. Pexels licence. Source
Slavery in Islam: 6 facts: Cemgazi Yoldaş. Pexels licence. Source
Homosexuality in Islam: 5 facts: Sami TÜRK. Pexels licence. Source
Hijab and modesty in Islam: 5 facts: Mike van Schoonderwalt. Pexels licence. Source
The houris and the Quran’s Paradise: 5 facts: Siarhei Nester. Pexels licence. Source
War, killing and execution in Islam: 5 facts: Tahir Xəlfəquliyev. Pexels licence. Source
7 scientific claims about the Quran, graded on the evidence: Tima Miroshnichenko. Pexels licence. Source
5 verses about the natural world and how scholars read them: Jan Brndiar. Pexels licence. Source
6 Quranic stories and what other sources say: AXP Photography. Pexels licence. Source
5 prophets in the Quran you may not know: Ahmed zaki. Pexels licence. Source
5 unsolved puzzles in the Quran’s stories: Roberto Lee Cortes. Pexels licence. Source
6 facts about the Crusades that get lost: mori dad. Pexels licence. Source
Islam in China: 5 facts about a 1,300-year-old community: christels. Pixabay licence. Source
The Kharijites and takfir: 6 facts: Mo Eid. Pexels licence. Source
5 myths about taqiyya: Souvik Dutta. Pexels licence. Source
7 things to know before your first Friday prayer: Nihat Küçük. Pexels licence. Source
6 rites of Hajj and what they mean: Zokir. Pexels licence. Source
The last ten nights of Ramadan: 5 things to know: Beyzaa Yurtkuran. Pexels licence. Source
6 practices of remembrance, supplication and farewell: Michael Burrows. Pexels licence. Source
7 scholars who shaped how Islam is studied: Михаил Крамор. Pexels licence. Source
5 Western scholars of Islam and where Muslims differ with them: Pixabay. Pexels licence. Source
5 ideas behind Islamic art, and what the arabesque is for: Jiafan Shi. Pexels licence. Source
5 mosques that show how Islamic architecture adapts to place: Mohammed Alim. Pexels licence. Source
Islamophobia: 5 facts about the word and the harm: Defrino Maasy. Pexels licence. Source
5 facts about the Black Stone and why Muslims touch it: Konevi. Pixabay licence. Source
The camel urine hadith: 5 things the report says: Manuela_Burkhalter. Pixabay licence. Source
Who wrote the Quran? 5 answers to the authorship claim: Pexels. Pixabay licence. Source
Does a preserved text prove it is true? 5 answers: pcdazero. Pixabay licence. Source
Do Muslims have a relationship with God? 5 answers: Dodlostig. Pixabay licence. Source
5 miracle stories critics call a fairy tale, and what the sources say: jdblack. Pixabay licence. Source
Muhammad’s raids, Badr and the conquest of Mecca: 6 facts: GidonPico. Pixabay licence. Source
The revisionist case: 6 answers on manuscripts, coins and Mecca: barasa81. Pixabay licence. Source
6 facts about Medina’s Jewish tribes and Banu Qurayza: natasevilla. Pixabay licence. Source
Was the first revelation demonic? 6 answers from the sources: Lenzatic. Pixabay licence. Source
Which rites existed before Islam? 6 answers from the sources: Pix-Off. Pixabay licence. Source
Terrorism and Muslims: 5 facts about the data and the texts: 652234. Pixabay licence. Source
Magic, jinn and Satan hadiths: 6 reports that critics cite: 705847. Pixabay licence. Source
Ibn Ishaq, Ibn Hisham, Tabari: how reliable is the Sira? 5 facts: Tom_Chen. Pixabay licence. Source
6 facts about Muhammad’s marriages: Zaynab, Safiyya and others: ELG21. Pixabay licence. Source
Apes and pigs and the Jews in the Quran and hadith: 6 facts: MANOLOBLASCO. Pixabay licence. Source
The Satanic Verses report: 5 facts about a disputed story: fotoerich. Pixabay licence. Source
Abrogation (naskh) and the Sword Verse: 5 facts to know: congerdesign. Pixabay licence. Source
Did Muhammad predict the end in 1110? 5 facts on the reports: FunkyFocus. Pixabay licence. Source
Five answers on race in the Quran and the hadith reports critics cite: Leejoann. Pixabay licence. Source
What the Quran says about Christians and Christianity: 7 answers: Konevi. Pixabay licence. Source
The fighting verses in context: 6 facts from the sources: VariousPhotography. Pixabay licence. Source
5 facts about why the first Muslims kept the faith in Mecca: Konevi. Pixabay licence. Source
6 answers to the claim that the Quran gets its history wrong: WikiImages. Pixabay licence. Source
5 facts about jihad in the Quran, the hadith and the jurists: Ghinzo. Pixabay licence. Source
Talmud, midrash and apocrypha: 6 answers on borrowing claims: zofiaEliyahu. Pixabay licence. Source
5 facts about the Hanif poets, Musaylima and the Quran: Ghinzo. Pixabay licence. Source
Schacht, isnads and the dating of hadith: 8 answers: stux. Pixabay licence. Source
Was Muhammad illiterate? 5 answers on ummi, Iqra and clots: shzern. Pixabay licence. Source
5 facts about Abu Bakr, the Ridda wars and the Fadak dispute: brokerx. Pixabay licence. Source
6 facts about women, testimony, inheritance and marriage in Islamic law: GR Stocks. Pexels licence. Source
4 facts about the claim of grammatical errors in the Quran: Pexels. Pixabay licence. Source
The fly hadith and the adult suckling report: 4 points: Manuela_Burkhalter. Pixabay licence. Source
Blasphemy and insults to the Prophet: 4 facts: Joaquin Carfagna. Pexels licence. Source
Contradictions in the Quran? 4 points on the cases critics cite: pcdazero. Pixabay licence. Source
God’s hand, face and throne in the Quran: 7 points: Best of Islam. Original artwork. Source
Mutah, temporary marriage: 6 points from the sources: Best of Islam. Original artwork. Source
Do Muslims worship Muhammad? 7 points from the sources: Best of Islam. Original artwork. Source
Muslims by the numbers: 7 facts from the 2020 count: Best of Islam. Original artwork. Source
6 facts behind the “Islamisation of the West” claim: Library of Congress, Prints and Photographs Division. Public domain. Source
5 reasons why Islam is the religion of peace: Diego F. Parra. Pexels licence. Source
5 reasons why Islam is the religion of peace: Çiğdem Bilgin. Pexels licence. Source
6 answers to the claim that the Prophet died from poisoning: HASHTAG SINGH. Pexels licence. Source
6 answers to the claim that the Prophet died from poisoning: Book Space. Pexels licence. Source
5 things wrong with the al-Zutt allegation: mohamed abdelghaffar. Pexels licence. Source
5 things wrong with the al-Zutt allegation: Zeynep Kahraman. Pexels licence. Source
The Islamic Dilemma: 5 assumptions the argument needs: Sami TÜRK. Pexels licence. Source
The Islamic Dilemma: 5 assumptions the argument needs: Karl Solano. Pexels licence. Source
The 5 pillars, explained without the jargon: Alper Sinan Kuşcu. Pexels licence. Source
The 5 pillars, explained without the jargon: ʻAbd al-Ghaffār, al-Sayyid, Physician of Mecca, photographer. Public domain. Source
Who is Allah? 5 misunderstandings about the name itself: fendt1. Pixabay licence. Source
Who is Allah? 5 misunderstandings about the name itself: sonofara. Pixabay licence. Source
5 reasons why the universe demands a creator: Jozef Papp. Pexels licence. Source
5 reasons why the universe demands a creator: Koma Tang. Pexels licence. Source
Why morality is impossible without God: 4 fatal flaws in secular humanism: dp singh Bhullar. Pexels licence. Source
Why morality is impossible without God: 4 fatal flaws in secular humanism: dp singh Bhullar. Pexels licence. Source
6 instruments invented in the Islamic world that science still uses: Jan van der Wolf. Pexels licence. Source
6 instruments invented in the Islamic world that science still uses: Gary Todd from Xinzheng, China. CC0. Source
7 libraries of the Islamic world, and what happened to each: Yaşar Başkurt. Pexels licence. Source
7 libraries of the Islamic world, and what happened to each: Yahya ibn Mahmud al-Wasiti. Public domain. Source
7 reasons why Allah of the Quran is the same God as the God of the Bible: Ylanite Koppens. Pexels licence. Source
7 reasons why Allah of the Quran is the same God as the God of the Bible: Arturo A. Pexels licence. Source
5 reasons why Muslims believe that Jesus is not God: Taghian Abod. Pexels licence. Source
5 reasons why Muslims believe that Jesus is not God: David Roberts. CC0. Source
Manuscript transmission: 5 differences between the Quran and the New Testament: Adam Noor. Pexels licence. Source
Manuscript transmission: 5 differences between the Quran and the New Testament: mohamed abdelghaffar. Pexels licence. Source
6 prophets both books share, and where the accounts diverge: Tony Zohari. Pexels licence. Source
6 prophets both books share, and where the accounts diverge: David Roberts. CC0. Source
7 verses Christians and Muslims read differently, and why: Susanne Jutzeler, suju-foto. Pexels licence. Source
7 verses Christians and Muslims read differently, and why: Jesus Vidal. Pexels licence. Source
5 answers to the claim that Haman is a Quranic mistake: Muhammed Fatih Beki. Pexels licence. Source
5 answers to the claim that Haman is a Quranic mistake: AXP Photography. Pexels licence. Source
Where is the Injil? 5 answers to the question critics ask most: Ahmet Polat. Pexels licence. Source
Where is the Injil? 5 answers to the question critics ask most: cottonbro studio. Pexels licence. Source
Paul and the Law: 6 verses that sit badly with Matthew 5:17: Max Renard. Pexels licence. Source
Paul and the Law: 6 verses that sit badly with Matthew 5:17: Engin Akyurt. Pexels licence. Source
Ezra and Mary in the Quran: 5 points on two contested verses: AXP Photography. Pexels licence. Source
Ezra and Mary in the Quran: 5 points on two contested verses: Francesco Ungaro. Pexels licence. Source
Uthman’s copies: 5 facts about the Quran’s earliest manuscripts: Jahra Tasfia Reza. Pexels licence. Source
Uthman’s copies: 5 facts about the Quran’s earliest manuscripts: Unknown artistUnknown artist. Public domain. Source
Jerusalem, then Mecca: 5 facts about the change of qibla: MART PRODUCTION. Pexels licence. Source
Jerusalem, then Mecca: 5 facts about the change of qibla: David Roberts. CC0. Source
Why five prayers? 5 answers on what the Quran says and what it leaves to the Prophet: Bilal Furkan KOŞAR. Pexels licence. Source
Why five prayers? 5 answers on what the Quran says and what it leaves to the Prophet: Bilal Furkan KOŞAR. Pexels licence. Source
Who saw Gabriel? 5 answers on witnesses to revelation: Siarhei Nester. Pexels licence. Source
Who saw Gabriel? 5 answers on witnesses to revelation: Ramo. Pexels licence. Source
Islam is the world’s fastest-growing religion: 6 figures from the latest data: Atlantic Ambience. Pexels licence. Source
Islam is the world’s fastest-growing religion: 6 figures from the latest data: Mirko Fabian. Pexels licence. Source
6 words science still uses that came from Arabic: Miguel Á. Padriñán. Pexels licence. Source
6 words science still uses that came from Arabic: Disillusion AD. Pexels licence. Source
Written in Peter’s name: 5 things a Catholic Bible says about 2 Peter: Jesus Vidal. Pexels licence. Source
Written in Peter’s name: 5 things a Catholic Bible says about 2 Peter: Nothing Ahead. Pexels licence. Source
6 Muslim astronomers whose names are on the Moon: Arian Fernandez. Pexels licence. Source
6 Muslim astronomers whose names are on the Moon: Sarowar Hussain. Pexels licence. Source
6 facts about Indonesia, the country with the most Muslims: ZULMAHDI. Pixabay licence. Source
6 facts about Indonesia, the country with the most Muslims: jufriderwotubun. Pixabay licence. Source
How an ex-Muslim blog persuades: 5 findings from a Malaysian study: Sami Abdullah. Pexels licence. Source
How an ex-Muslim blog persuades: 5 findings from a Malaysian study: Mikhail Nilov. Pexels licence. Source
The Kaaba before Islam: 5 ancient witnesses, weighed: Rushdi Fatani. Pexels licence. Source
The Kaaba before Islam: 5 ancient witnesses, weighed: Unknown authorUnknown author. Public domain. Source
The Dome of the Rock: 6 things its inscriptions tell us about the Quran: Jan Venter. Pexels licence. Source
The Dome of the Rock: 6 things its inscriptions tell us about the Quran: David Roberts. CC0. Source
Who burned the Library of Alexandria? 5 facts behind the story: Muhammed Fatih Beki. Pexels licence. Source
Who burned the Library of Alexandria? 5 facts behind the story: Yaroslav Y. Pexels licence. Source
What was the jizya? 6 facts about the tax: Tolga deniz Aran. Pexels licence. Source
What was the jizya? 6 facts about the tax: Not credited. Public domain. Source
Quran preservation on Reddit: 5 points from the scholars’ debate: GR Stocks. Pexels licence. Source
Quran preservation on Reddit: 5 points from the scholars’ debate: MATAQ Darul Ulum. Pexels licence. Source
Apostasy in Islam: 6 facts about the death penalty debate: Sami Aksu. Pexels licence. Source
Apostasy in Islam: 6 facts about the death penalty debate: Roman Ska. Pexels licence. Source
The crucifixion and the Quran: 6 facts about Quran 4:157: Piotr Arnoldes. Pexels licence. Source
The crucifixion and the Quran: 6 facts about Quran 4:157: David Roberts. CC0. Source
The 6 articles of faith, explained without the jargon: Konevi. Pexels licence. Source
The 6 articles of faith, explained without the jargon: Ahmet Polat. Pexels licence. Source
Fate and free will in Islam: 6 questions answered: Anton Atanasov. Pexels licence. Source
Fate and free will in Islam: 6 questions answered: Karel Drozda. Pexels licence. Source
5 things Muslims believe about the end of time: Towfiqu barbhuiya. Pexels licence. Source
5 things Muslims believe about the end of time: Towfiqu barbhuiya. Pexels licence. Source
5 myths about sharia and the hudud punishments: Phil Evenden. Pexels licence. Source
5 myths about sharia and the hudud punishments: Guohua Song. Pexels licence. Source
7 Quranic ethics that still hold today: RDNE Stock project. Pexels licence. Source
7 Quranic ethics that still hold today: RDNE Stock project. Pexels licence. Source
5 reasons Islam forbids interest: Atlantic Ambience. Pexels licence. Source
5 reasons Islam forbids interest: RDNE Stock project. Pexels licence. Source
7 women in the Prophet’s life who shaped Islam: Chez Merzouga Desert. Pexels licence. Source
7 women in the Prophet’s life who shaped Islam: mohamed aouni. Pexels licence. Source
6 Companions of the Prophet who started with nothing: Navid Mehraban. Pexels licence. Source
6 Companions of the Prophet who started with nothing: Navid Mehraban. Pexels licence. Source
5 questions about Aisha, answered from the sources: Zülfü Demir📸. Pexels licence. Source
5 questions about Aisha, answered from the sources: Tahir Xəlfəquliyev. Pexels licence. Source
Child marriage and Islam: 5 facts: RDNE Stock project. Pexels licence. Source
Child marriage and Islam: 5 facts: Deane Bayas. Pexels licence. Source
Quran 4:34: 5 facts about the verse on striking wives: Yaşar Başkurt. Pexels licence. Source
Quran 4:34: 5 facts about the verse on striking wives: GR Stocks. Pexels licence. Source
Slavery in Islam: 6 facts: Ayşegül Aytören. Pexels licence. Source
Slavery in Islam: 6 facts: Sami TÜRK. Pexels licence. Source
Homosexuality in Islam: 5 facts: Abdullah Öğük. Pexels licence. Source
Homosexuality in Islam: 5 facts: Mathias Reding. Pexels licence. Source
Hijab and modesty in Islam: 5 facts: https://kaboompics.com/. Pexels licence. Source
Hijab and modesty in Islam: 5 facts: Adrien Olichon. Pexels licence. Source
The houris and the Quran’s Paradise: 5 facts: Denis Tolmachev. Pexels licence. Source
The houris and the Quran’s Paradise: 5 facts: Simófi István. Pexels licence. Source
War, killing and execution in Islam: 5 facts: MAG Photography. Pexels licence. Source
War, killing and execution in Islam: 5 facts: Sururi Ballıdağ Director. Pexels licence. Source
7 scientific claims about the Quran, graded on the evidence: Vladimir Srajber. Pexels licence. Source
7 scientific claims about the Quran, graded on the evidence: Vladimir Srajber. Pexels licence. Source
5 verses about the natural world and how scholars read them: Walter Coppola. Pexels licence. Source
5 verses about the natural world and how scholars read them: Ilia Bronskiy. Pexels licence. Source
6 Quranic stories and what other sources say: Lachcim Kejarko. Pexels licence. Source
6 Quranic stories and what other sources say: Francesco Ungaro. Pexels licence. Source
5 prophets in the Quran you may not know: Mohamed Elshiekh. Pexels licence. Source
5 prophets in the Quran you may not know: David Roberts. CC0. Source
5 unsolved puzzles in the Quran’s stories: Maria Tsegelnik. Pexels licence. Source
5 unsolved puzzles in the Quran’s stories: Strange Happenings. Pexels licence. Source
6 facts about the Crusades that get lost: Jean-Paul Wettstein. Pexels licence. Source
6 facts about the Crusades that get lost: Anonymus. Public domain. Source
Islam in China: 5 facts about a 1,300-year-old community: Roger Madura. Pexels licence. Source
Islam in China: 5 facts about a 1,300-year-old community: 差距钦. Pexels licence. Source
The Kharijites and takfir: 6 facts: 光曦刘. Pexels licence. Source
The Kharijites and takfir: 6 facts: Federico Abis. Pexels licence. Source
5 myths about taqiyya: Jan van der Wolf. Pexels licence. Source
5 myths about taqiyya: Jan van der Wolf. Pexels licence. Source
7 things to know before your first Friday prayer: mehmet aramaz. Pexels licence. Source
7 things to know before your first Friday prayer: Alinson Torres. Pexels licence. Source
6 rites of Hajj and what they mean: Yasir Gürbüz. Pexels licence. Source
6 rites of Hajj and what they mean: American Colony (Jerusalem). Photo Dept., photographer. Public domain. Source
The last ten nights of Ramadan: 5 things to know: Yusuf Miah. Pexels licence. Source
The last ten nights of Ramadan: 5 things to know: Beyzaa Yurtkuran. Pexels licence. Source
6 practices of remembrance, supplication and farewell: Towfiqu barbhuiya. Pexels licence. Source
6 practices of remembrance, supplication and farewell: Rizky Sabriansyah. Pexels licence. Source
7 scholars who shaped how Islam is studied: Atlantic Ambience. Pexels licence. Source
7 scholars who shaped how Islam is studied: Unknown authorUnknown author. Public domain. Source
5 Western scholars of Islam and where Muslims differ with them: Unknown. Public domain. Source
5 Western scholars of Islam and where Muslims differ with them: Unknown photographer. Public domain. Source
5 ideas behind Islamic art, and what the arabesque is for: MAG Photography. Pexels licence. Source
5 ideas behind Islamic art, and what the arabesque is for: Jean Laurent. Public domain. Source
5 mosques that show how Islamic architecture adapts to place: Kirandeep Singh Walia. Pexels licence. Source
5 mosques that show how Islamic architecture adapts to place: H. Danel. Public domain. Source
Islamophobia: 5 facts about the word and the harm: Anastasia Shuraeva. Pexels licence. Source
Islamophobia: 5 facts about the word and the harm: Tahir Xəlfəquliyev. Pexels licence. Source
5 facts about the Black Stone and why Muslims touch it: ziedkammoun. Pixabay licence. Source
5 facts about the Black Stone and why Muslims touch it: Konevi. Pixabay licence. Source
The camel urine hadith: 5 things the report says: stofinho. Pixabay licence. Source
The camel urine hadith: 5 things the report says: Hoeneisen. Pixabay licence. Source
Who wrote the Quran? 5 answers to the authorship claim: shzern. Pixabay licence. Source
Who wrote the Quran? 5 answers to the authorship claim: fendt1. Pixabay licence. Source
Does a preserved text prove it is true? 5 answers: myrfa. Pixabay licence. Source
Does a preserved text prove it is true? 5 answers: jarmoluk. Pixabay licence. Source
Do Muslims have a relationship with God? 5 answers: aamiraimer. Pixabay licence. Source
Do Muslims have a relationship with God? 5 answers: congerdesign. Pixabay licence. Source
5 miracle stories critics call a fairy tale, and what the sources say: Venrike. Pixabay licence. Source
5 miracle stories critics call a fairy tale, and what the sources say: congerdesign. Pixabay licence. Source
Muhammad’s raids, Badr and the conquest of Mecca: 6 facts: chidung2212. Pixabay licence. Source
Muhammad’s raids, Badr and the conquest of Mecca: 6 facts: DavidPogue. Pixabay licence. Source
The revisionist case: 6 answers on manuscripts, coins and Mecca: papazachariasa. Pixabay licence. Source
The revisionist case: 6 answers on manuscripts, coins and Mecca: flutie8211. Pixabay licence. Source
6 facts about Medina’s Jewish tribes and Banu Qurayza: 12019. Pixabay licence. Source
6 facts about Medina’s Jewish tribes and Banu Qurayza: 12019. Pixabay licence. Source
Was the first revelation demonic? 6 answers from the sources: Pexels. Pixabay licence. Source
Was the first revelation demonic? 6 answers from the sources: Pexels. Pixabay licence. Source
Which rites existed before Islam? 6 answers from the sources: manfredrichter. Pixabay licence. Source
Which rites existed before Islam? 6 answers from the sources: Sergio-sq. Pixabay licence. Source
Terrorism and Muslims: 5 facts about the data and the texts: 3844328. Pixabay licence. Source
Terrorism and Muslims: 5 facts about the data and the texts: JillWellington. Pixabay licence. Source
Terrorism and Muslims: 5 facts about the data and the texts: David Castor. CC0. Source
Magic, jinn and Satan hadiths: 6 reports that critics cite: Efraimstochter. Pixabay licence. Source
Magic, jinn and Satan hadiths: 6 reports that critics cite: SoyKhaler. Pixabay licence. Source
Ibn Ishaq, Ibn Hisham, Tabari: how reliable is the Sira? 5 facts: Pexels. Pixabay licence. Source
Ibn Ishaq, Ibn Hisham, Tabari: how reliable is the Sira? 5 facts: Nickbar. Pixabay licence. Source
6 facts about Muhammad’s marriages: Zaynab, Safiyya and others: Wolfgang_Hasselmann. Pixabay licence. Source
6 facts about Muhammad’s marriages: Zaynab, Safiyya and others: rauschenberger. Pixabay licence. Source
Apes and pigs and the Jews in the Quran and hadith: 6 facts: analogicus. Pixabay licence. Source
Apes and pigs and the Jews in the Quran and hadith: 6 facts: dimitrisvetsikas1969. Pixabay licence. Source
The Satanic Verses report: 5 facts about a disputed story: tumtac. Pixabay licence. Source
The Satanic Verses report: 5 facts about a disputed story: DEZALB. Pixabay licence. Source
Abrogation (naskh) and the Sword Verse: 5 facts to know: stevepb. Pixabay licence. Source
Abrogation (naskh) and the Sword Verse: 5 facts to know: StockSnap. Pixabay licence. Source
Did Muhammad predict the end in 1110? 5 facts on the reports: Jeanine_S. Pixabay licence. Source
Did Muhammad predict the end in 1110? 5 facts on the reports: jplenio. Pixabay licence. Source
Five answers on race in the Quran and the hadith reports critics cite: Anemone123. Pixabay licence. Source
Five answers on race in the Quran and the hadith reports critics cite: Surprising_Media. Pixabay licence. Source
What the Quran says about Christians and Christianity: 7 answers: analogicus. Pixabay licence. Source
What the Quran says about Christians and Christianity: 7 answers: hansbenn. Pixabay licence. Source
The fighting verses in context: 6 facts from the sources: Marisa04. Pixabay licence. Source
The fighting verses in context: 6 facts from the sources: Afshad. Pixabay licence. Source
5 facts about why the first Muslims kept the faith in Mecca: Konevi. Pixabay licence. Source
5 facts about why the first Muslims kept the faith in Mecca: Abdullah_Shakoor. Pixabay licence. Source
6 answers to the claim that the Quran gets its history wrong: TheDigitalArtist. Pixabay licence. Source
6 answers to the claim that the Quran gets its history wrong: jillmackie. Pixabay licence. Source
5 facts about jihad in the Quran, the hadith and the jurists: jodeng. Pixabay licence. Source
5 facts about jihad in the Quran, the hadith and the jurists: 12019. Pixabay licence. Source
Talmud, midrash and apocrypha: 6 answers on borrowing claims: svecaleksandr249. Pixabay licence. Source
Talmud, midrash and apocrypha: 6 answers on borrowing claims: moshehar. Pixabay licence. Source
5 facts about the Hanif poets, Musaylima and the Quran: chris_muschard. Pixabay licence. Source
5 facts about the Hanif poets, Musaylima and the Quran: mufaddalap. Pixabay licence. Source
Schacht, isnads and the dating of hadith: 8 answers: FreeCreativeStuff. Pixabay licence. Source
Schacht, isnads and the dating of hadith: 8 answers: garten-gg. Pixabay licence. Source
Was Muhammad illiterate? 5 answers on ummi, Iqra and clots: StockSnap. Pixabay licence. Source
Was Muhammad illiterate? 5 answers on ummi, Iqra and clots: aditto9. Pixabay licence. Source
5 facts about Abu Bakr, the Ridda wars and the Fadak dispute: manfredrichter. Pixabay licence. Source
5 facts about Abu Bakr, the Ridda wars and the Fadak dispute: Walkerssk. Pixabay licence. Source
6 facts about women, testimony, inheritance and marriage in Islamic law: Yaşar Başkurt. Pexels licence. Source
6 facts about women, testimony, inheritance and marriage in Islamic law: GR Stocks. Pexels licence. Source
4 facts about the claim of grammatical errors in the Quran: shzern. Pixabay licence. Source
4 facts about the claim of grammatical errors in the Quran: fendt1. Pixabay licence. Source
The fly hadith and the adult suckling report: 4 points: stofinho. Pixabay licence. Source
The fly hadith and the adult suckling report: 4 points: Hoeneisen. Pixabay licence. Source
Blasphemy and insults to the Prophet: 4 facts: Phil Evenden. Pexels licence. Source
Blasphemy and insults to the Prophet: 4 facts: Guohua Song. Pexels licence. Source
Deuteronomy 18 and the Paraclete: 4 points on Muhammad in the Bible: Ylanite Koppens. Pexels licence. Source
Deuteronomy 18 and the Paraclete: 4 points on Muhammad in the Bible: Arturo A. Pexels licence. Source
Contradictions in the Quran? 4 points on the cases critics cite: myrfa. Pixabay licence. Source
Contradictions in the Quran? 4 points on the cases critics cite: jarmoluk. Pixabay licence. Source
The seven ahruf, the 1924 Cairo edition and the stoning verse: 10 points: Jahra Tasfia Reza. Pexels licence. Source
The seven ahruf, the 1924 Cairo edition and the stoning verse: 10 points: Unknown artistUnknown artist. Public domain. Source
The sheep that ate the verse: 5 points on A’isha’s report: Adam Noor. Pexels licence. Source
The sheep that ate the verse: 5 points on A’isha’s report: mohamed abdelghaffar. Pexels licence. Source
God’s hand, face and throne in the Quran: 7 points: Best of Islam. Original artwork. Source
God’s hand, face and throne in the Quran: 7 points: Best of Islam. Original artwork. Source
Mutah, temporary marriage: 6 points from the sources: Best of Islam. Original artwork. Source
Mutah, temporary marriage: 6 points from the sources: Best of Islam. Original artwork. Source
Do Muslims worship Muhammad? 7 points from the sources: Best of Islam. Original artwork. Source
Do Muslims worship Muhammad? 7 points from the sources: Best of Islam. Original artwork. Source
Muslims by the numbers: 7 facts from the 2020 count: Best of Islam. Original artwork. Source
Muslims by the numbers: 7 facts from the 2020 count: Best of Islam. Original artwork. Source
6 facts behind the “Islamisation of the West” claim: Library of Congress, Prints and Photographs Division. Public domain. Source
6 facts behind the “Islamisation of the West” claim: Council of Europe; SVG by Wikimedia Commons contributors. Public domain. Source
Glossary: Konevi. Pixabay licence. Source
Glossary, term entries: kevinamrulloh. Pixabay licence. Source
Glossary, term entries: shzern. Pixabay licence. Source
Glossary, term entries: Afshad. Pixabay licence. Source
Glossary, term entries: NoblePrime. Pixabay licence. Source
Glossary, term entries: soramang. Pixabay licence. Source
Glossary, term entries: Ahmedsaborty. Pixabay licence. Source
Glossary, person entries: Ghinzo. Pixabay licence. Source
Glossary, person entries: garten-gg. Pixabay licence. Source
Glossary, person entries: Bru-nO. Pixabay licence. Source
Glossary, person entries: jarmoluk. Pixabay licence. Source
Glossary, person entries: stux. Pixabay licence. Source
Glossary, person entries: sachbearbeitung. Pixabay licence. Source
Glossary, prophet entries: Angeleses. Pixabay licence. Source
Glossary, prophet entries: dimitrisvetsikas1969. Pixabay licence. Source
Glossary, prophet entries: 12322747. Pixabay licence. Source
Glossary, prophet entries: Sinousxl. Pixabay licence. Source
Glossary, prophet entries: Pexels. Pixabay licence. Source
Glossary, prophet entries: cowins. Pixabay licence. Source
Glossary, place entries: Konevi. Pixabay licence. Source
Glossary, place entries: Konevi. Pixabay licence. Source
Glossary, place entries: Konevi. Pixabay licence. Source
Glossary, place entries: shereif. Pixabay licence. Source
Glossary, place entries: interlax. Pixabay licence. Source
Glossary, place entries: Walkerssk. Pixabay licence. Source
Glossary, event entries: mikaelthunberg. Pixabay licence. Source
Glossary, event entries: manfredrichter. Pixabay licence. Source
Glossary, event entries: mufaddalap. Pixabay licence. Source
Glossary, event entries: Ylanite. Pixabay licence. Source
Glossary, event entries: Ghinzo. Pixabay licence. Source
Glossary, event entries: Pignatta. Pixabay licence. Source
Glossary, group entries: chidioc. Pixabay licence. Source
Glossary, group entries: Konevi. Pixabay licence. Source
Glossary, group entries: Konevi. Pixabay licence. Source
Glossary, group entries: LoggaWiggler. Pixabay licence. Source
Glossary, group entries: best-biketours. Pixabay licence. Source
Glossary, group entries: Konevi. Pixabay licence. Source
Glossary, book entries: garten-gg. Pixabay licence. Source
Glossary, book entries: DGlodowska. Pixabay licence. Source
Glossary, book entries: DariuszSankowski. Pixabay licence. Source
Glossary, book entries: MorningbirdPhoto. Pixabay licence. Source
Glossary, book entries: cocoparisienne. Pixabay licence. Source
Glossary, book entries: cadop. Pixabay licence. Source
Glossary, topic entries: 2427999. Pixabay licence. Source
Glossary, topic entries: sharonang. Pixabay licence. Source
Glossary, topic entries: Mojpe. Pixabay licence. Source
Glossary, topic entries: Abdullah_Shakoor. Pixabay licence. Source
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Glossary, topic entries: fernandozhiminaicela. Pixabay licence. Source

Corrections

Errors of fact are corrected in the article and noted at the foot of it. Errors of argument are answered, if at all, in a new piece.